Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old |
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Authors: | Eric S Rawson Andrew C Venezia |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Exercise Science, 131 CEH, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA;(2) Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA |
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Abstract: | The ingestion of the dietary supplement creatine (about 20 g/day for 5 days or about 2 g/day for 30 days) results in increased
skeletal muscle creatine and phosphocreatine. Subsequently, the performance of high-intensity exercise tasks, which rely heavily
on the creatine-phosphocreatine energy system, is enhanced. The well documented benefits of creatine supplementation in young
adults, including increased lean body mass, increased strength, and enhanced fatigue resistance are particularly important
to older adults. With aging and reduced physical activity, there are decreases in muscle creatine, muscle mass, bone density,
and strength. However, there is evidence that creatine ingestion may reverse these changes, and subsequently improve activities
of daily living. Several groups have demonstrated that in older adults, short-term high-dose creatine supplementation, independent
of exercise training, increases body mass, enhances fatigue resistance, increases muscle strength, and improves the performance
of activities of daily living. Similarly, in older adults, concurrent creatine supplementation and resistance training increase
lean body mass, enhance fatigue resistance, increase muscle strength, and improve performance of activities of daily living
to a greater extent than resistance training alone. Additionally, creatine supplementation plus resistance training results
in a greater increase in bone mineral density than resistance training alone. Higher brain creatine is associated with improved
neuropsychological performance, and recently, creatine supplementation has been shown to increase brain creatine and phosphocreatine.
Subsequent studies have demonstrated that cognitive processing, that is either experimentally (following sleep deprivation)
or naturally (due to aging) impaired, can be improved with creatine supplementation. Creatine is an inexpensive and safe dietary
supplement that has both peripheral and central effects. The benefits afforded to older adults through creatine ingestion
are substantial, can improve quality of life, and ultimately may reduce the disease burden associated with sarcopenia and
cognitive dysfunction. |
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