The effects of lyophilization on flexural stiffness of extrasynovial and intrasynovial tendon |
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| Institution: | 1. Soft Tissue Biology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;2. Orthopaedic Traumatology, Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 650 Xin Songjiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China;3. Materials and Structural Testing Core Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran;2. School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan;2. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan;3. Division of Urology, Department of Organ Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan;4. Division of Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe, Japan;5. Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Medicine Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan;6. Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe, Japan;7. Hyogo Clinical Laboratory Corporation, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan;8. Department of Urology, Sanda City Hospital, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan;1. Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;2. Department of Kinesiology, University of the Fraser Valley, Chilliwack, BC, Canada;3. Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada;1. Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China |
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| Abstract: | Tendon or ligament reconstructions often use autologous or allogenic tendons from either extrasynovial or intrasynovial sources. Allograft tendons must be lyophilized for preservation before transplantation, a process which can impact mechanical properties of the graft. Reconstituted graft properties that are similar to native tendon are desirable. Although tensile and compressive properties of tendons have been investigated, there is a paucity of information describing flexural properties of tendon, which can impact the gliding resistance. This study aims to design a testing method to quantify tendon flexural modulus, and investigate the effects of lyophilization/rehydration procedures on tendon flexibility. A total of 20 peroneus longus tendons (extrasynovial) and 20 flexor digitorum profundus tendons (intrasynovial) were collected. Ten of each tendon were processed with 5 freeze–thaw cycles followed by lyophilization and rehydration with saline solution (0.9%). Bend testing was conducted on tendons to quantify the flexural modulus with and without processing. As canine FDP tendons contain fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue regions, the flexural moduli were measured in both regions. Flexural modulus of rehydrated, lyophilized extrasynovial PL tendon was significantly lower than that of similarly processed intrasynovial FDP tendon (p < 0.001). Flexural moduli of both the fibrocartilaginous and non-fibrocartilaginous regions of intrasynovial tendon significantly increased after lyophilization (p < 0.001). The flexural modulus of the fibrocartilaginous region was significantly higher than that of the non-fibrocartilaginous region in intrasynovial tendon (p < 0.001). Lyophilization significantly increases the flexural modulus of extrasynovial and intrasynovial tendons, and flexural modulus differs significantly between these two tendon types. Increases in stiffness caused by lyophilization may impact the mechanical performance of the allograft in vivo. |
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| Keywords: | Tendon Autograft Allograft Biomechanics Flexural property |
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