Dynamic indirect reciprocity; When is indirect reciprocity bounded by group membership? |
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| Institution: | 1. Kochi University of Technology, Japan;2. University of Kent, UK;3. Leiden University, the Netherlands;1. Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Australia;2. Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Australia;3. Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Australia;4. Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Australia;5. Faculty of Science, Charles University, Czechia;1. Maurer School of Law, Indiana University, 338 Baier Hall, 211 S. Indiana Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America;2. Department of Economics, Indiana University, 241 Wylie Hall, 100 S. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America;1. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America;2. Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States of America |
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| Abstract: | Indirect reciprocity is a strong driver of reputation-based cooperation and previous studies have offered ample evidence as to when and how it guides cooperation towards others. However, the current empirical literature suffers from mixed evidence about the realm of indirect reciprocity; some studies showed that people assume that in-group members, but not out-group members belong to the same system of indirect reciprocity and they, thus, display reputation-based cooperation only towards in-group members. In other words, indirect reciprocity is bounded by group membership. On the other hand, other studies found that people display reputation-based cooperation towards out-group members as well, suggesting that indirect reciprocity is unbounded. Thus, there remains an important question to address. When is indirect reciprocity bounded by group membership? We carefully examined previous studies supporting bounded and unbounded indirect reciprocity perspectives and argue that the realm of indirect reciprocity is conditional to the presence of cues of reputational consequences (i.e., consequences of immediate cooperation). Based on our review, we further propose a new perspective, the dynamic indirect reciprocity perspective, which integrates bounded and unbounded indirect reciprocity perspectives. We propose a highly powered preregistered study to test hypotheses derived from the proposed perspective. |
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