Thymoquinone ameliorated elevated inflammatory cytokines in testicular tissue and sex hormones imbalance induced by oral chronic toxicity with sodium nitrite |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Dermatology and Venereology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71471, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, 30 Daehack-ro, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea;1. Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara 06500, Turkey;2. Bozok University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Yozgat 66100, Turkey;3. Gazi University, Faculty of Gazi Education, Department of Science, Ankara 06500, Turkey;1. Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, PLA, Beijing 100071, China;2. Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China |
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| Abstract: | Scientific evidence illustrated the health hazards of exposure to nitrites for prolonged time. Nitrites affected several body organs due to oxidative, inflammatory and apoptosis properties. Furthermore, thymoquinone (TQ) had curative effects against many diseases. We tried to discover the impact of both sodium nitrite and TQ on inflammatory cytokines contents in testicular tissues and hormonal balance both in vivo and in vitro. Fifty adult male SD rats received 80 mg/kg sodium nitrite and treated with either 25 or 50 mg/kg TQ daily by oral-gavage for twelve weeks. Testis were removed for sperms’ count. Testicular tissue homogenates were used for assessment of protein and gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Nrf2 and caspase-3. Serum samples were used for measurement of testosterone, LH, FSH and prolactin. Moreover, all the parameters were measured in human normal testis cell-lines, CRL-7002. Sodium nitrite produced significant decrease in serum testosterone associated with raised FSH, LH and prolactin. Moreover, sodium nitrite significantly elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-3 and reduced Nrf2. TQ significantly reversed all these effects both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, TQ ameliorated testicular tissue inflammation and restored the normal balance of sex hormones induced by sodium nitrite both in vivo and in vitro. |
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| Keywords: | Caspase-3 FSH IL-1β/6 LH Nrf2 Prolactin Testosterone TNF-α |
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