Protein profiling of nasopharyngeal aspirates of hospitalized and outpatients revealed cytokines associated with severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections: A pilot study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland;2. Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland;3. Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Finland;4. Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland;5. Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland;1. Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, China;2. Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China;3. Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK;1. Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.8 Sangyuan Road, Jinan 250100, China;2. Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China;3. College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China;1. Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy;2. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Barcelona, Spain;3. MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK |
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| Abstract: | Influenza A viruses (IAV) mutate rapidly and cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, which result in substantial number of patient visits to the doctors and even hospitalizations. We aimed here to identify inflammatory proteins, which levels correlated to clinical severity of the disease. For this we analysed 102 cytokines and growth factors in human nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples of 27 hospitalized and 27 outpatients diagnosed with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. We found that the relative levels of monocyte differentiation antigen CD14, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), C-C-motif chemokine 20 (CCL20), CD147, urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (uPAR), pro-epidermal growth factor (EGF), trefoil factor 3 (TFF3), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were significantly lower (p < 0.008), whereas levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5), interleukin-8 (IL-8), complement factor D (CFD), adiponectin, and chitinase-3-like 1 (CHI3L1) were significantly higher (p < 0.008) in NPA samples of hospitalized than non-hospitalized patients. While changes in CD14, LCN2, CCL20, uPAR, EGF, MIF, CXCL5, IL-8, adiponectin and CHI3L1 levels have already been correlated with severity of IAV infection in mice and humans, our study is the first to describe association of CD147, RBP4, TFF3, and CFD with hospitalization of IAV-infected patients. Thus, we identified local innate immune profiles, which were associated with the clinical severity of influenza infections. |
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| Keywords: | Influenza virus Cytokine Chemokine Nasopharyngeal aspirate |
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