Pregnancy management in the bitch |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Virology and Rickettsial Infections, Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá 78090-900, MT, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary Hospital, of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá 78090-900, MT, Brazil;3. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Veterinary Hospital, of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá 78090-900, MT, Brazil;4. Small Animals Surgery Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá 78090-900, MT, Brazil;1. Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 761001, Israel;2. Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 65, 14195, Berlin, Germany;1. Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Legnaro (PD), Italy;2. Department of Veterinary Sciences, Grugliasco (TO), Italy;3. Department of Energy and Technology, Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;4. Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;1. Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland;2. Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland;1. Department of Animal Reproduction, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Medical Clinic, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy;2. Department of Health, Animal Sciences and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Pregnancy management to optimize maternal and neonatal health begins with breeding management and the selection of normal, healthy brood stock in ideal body condition. After breeding, a commercial diet appropriate for reproduction and lactation should be fed. Typically these contain 29–32% protein of animal source, at least 18% fat, 20–30% carbohydrate, and essential vitamins, minerals and fatty acids. Pregnancy is confirmed approximately 25 d after breeding. A “maternity ward” and whelping box should be provided. Steady increases in caloric intake and body weight are expected as pregnancy progresses. Weight loss should not occur. Throughout pregnancy, changes in the bitch’s attitude, activity, appetite, body weight, and physical findings should be monitored by the owner. If appetite and body weight do not continue to increase, or if any signs of illness develop, maternal health should be assessed with a complete physical examination and a CBC, biochemical profile, and free-catch urinalysis. Fetal health should be assessed with ultrasonography. Maternal or fetal abnormalities will put the pregnancy at risk. Impending parturition and the progress of labor and delivery can be monitored by assessing rectal temperature, serum concentrations of progesterone, and/or uterine and fetal monitors. This article reviews the physiology of canine pregnancy and parturition, and typical schemes used to manage normal canine pregnancy to optimize maternal and puppy health. |
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