Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis; an increasing and ecologically important phenomenon on temperate reefs in New Zealand and worldwide |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia;2. Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;3. Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Johor Branch, 85000 Segamat, Johor, Malaysia;4. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia;5. Cawthron Institute, New Zealand;6. Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany;7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA;8. JHT, Inc., Orlando, FL, USA;9. Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China;10. Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;1. UMR MARBEC, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (IRD, Ifremer, Université Montpellier, CNRS), Université Montpellier, CC 093, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France;2. CNRS, UMR 7144, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Equipe EPEP, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France;3. Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France;4. UMR MARBEC, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (IRD, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, CNRS), Laboratoire Environnement et Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon (LER-LR), Station Ifremer, Avenue Jean Monnet, CS 30171, 34203 Sète Cedex, France;1. Laboratório de Microalgas Marinhas, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 314-B, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;2. Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade Molecular Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur, 458, 512, 22.290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, UFRJ, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, United Kingdom;1. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand;2. AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Private Bag 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand;1. LAQUES (Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Science), Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8502, Japan;2. The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8566, Japan;3. Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama City, Fukui 917-0003, Japan;1. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia;2. Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;3. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;4. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates belonging to the tropical genus Ostreopsis are an increasingly common phenomenon in temperate regions worldwide. This is reflected in the rapid upsurge of publications on Ostreopsis from temperate regions since 2000. Relatively little is known about these blooms or their effects on other organisms. An unprecedented bloom of Ostreopsis siamensis occurred on shallow reefs in northern New Zealand in 2004 providing an opportunity to examine the dynamics of an O. siamensis bloom and its effect on community structuring sea urchins (Evechinus chloroticus). The bloom occurred following a period of calm sea conditions with warmer than average water temperatures. The cover of O. siamensis was highly ephemeral and strongly related to temporal and spatial variation in wave action. Blooms were most prevalent at sites protected from prevailing swells where O. siamensis covered 30–60% of the reef with the concentrations on macroalgae reaching 1.4 × 106 cells g−1 wet weight, some of the highest recorded worldwide. Surveys of the health of sea urchins in relation to the cover of O. siamensis suggested strong negative effects on this ecologically important herbivore and urchin densities declined by 56–60% at bloom sites over the study period. Further research is needed to examine the factors controlling the distribution and intensity of this new phenomenon, and into the ecological effects of such blooms on marine communities and the potential mechanisms responsible. |
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