Reduced survival of neonates due to vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy in the guinea pig

Neonatal vitamin A stores are limited even in well-nourished full-term infants and are yet smaller in the premature infant. The object of this experiment was to determine whether vitamin A deficiency could be induced in pregnant guinea pigs and, if so, whether it would affect vitamin A status of the neonate. Adult (600 g) guinea pigs were fed a casein-agar diet that was vitamin A deficient (AD). Controls (vitamin A adequate) were orally dosed weekly with 2 mg of retinyl palmitate. Weight gains of dams and birth weights of neonates did not differ. No external signs of deficiency were observed. Six of eight AD and seven of eight vitamin A-adequate dams carried pregnancy to term (greater than or equal to Day 64). One AD dam died during delivery. Liver retinol concentrations were below the detection limit (less than 3 micrograms/g) for all AD neonates and dams and in postpartum serum of AD dams. Of neonates born greater than or equal to Day 64, 15 of 18 AD were dead or moribund compared with 4 of 22 vitamin A adequate. The unexpectedly severe effect on the neonate indicates that the guinea pig will be a sensitive model for investigating the affect of poor maternal vitamin A status on neonatal vitamin A-dependent functions. However, a less severe maternal deprivation should be used for such studies.