Echinacea in hepatopathy: A review of its phytochemistry,pharmacology, and safety |
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| Affiliation: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;2. International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;3. School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China;2. International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;3. School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;1. College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China;2. Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Nature Medicine, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.;1. Centre for Journalology, Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;1. Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA;2. Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA;3. Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA;4. Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong;5. Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundEchinacea, one of the most popular herbs with double function of immunity and anti-inflammatory activity, has now attracted much interest for a possible alternative for the treatment of hepatopathy. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of Echinacea regarding its chemical composition, pharmacological action against various hepatopathy, and safety.MethodsA comprehensive search of published articles was conducted to focus on original publications related to Echinacea and hepatopathy till the end of 2020 using various literature databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and Web of Science database.ResultsEchinacea exhibited excellent activities in resisting a variety of hepatopathy induced by different causes in preclinical experiments and clinical trials by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, antioxidant defense mechanism, voltage-gated sodium channels, lipid metabolism, circadian rhythm, p38 MAPK signaling pathway, JNK signaling pathway, Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and Akt/GSK3 beta signaling pathways. The high efficacy of Echinacea is related to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. The main ingredients of Echinacea include caffeic acid derivatives, alkylamides, and polysaccharides, which have been well established in preclinical studies of liver diseases. Studies on acute and subacute toxicity show that Echinacea preparations are well-tolerated herbal medicines.ConclusionEchinacea may offer a novel potential strategy for clinical prevention and treatment of liver diseases and related diseases. Extensive studies are necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms and establish future therapeutic potentials of this herb. Well-designed clinical trials are still warranted to confirm the safety and effectiveness of Echinacea for hepatopathy. |
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