Organogenesis in vitro |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, USA;2. Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA;3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA;4. Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan;1. State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources (South China Agricultural University), Guangzhou, 510642, China;2. Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, 510642, China;3. Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China;4. College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China;1. Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan;2. Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;3. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany;4. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA;5. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA;6. Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;1. Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa-ku 3-9, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan;2. PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan;4. Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;5. Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;6. Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Organoids are three-dimensional structures that self-organize from human pluripotent stem cells or primary tissue, potentially serving as a traceable and manipulatable platform to facilitate our understanding of organogenesis. Despite the ongoing advancement in generating organoids of diverse systems, biological applications of in vitro generated organoids remain as a major challenge in part due to a substantial lack of intricate complexity. The studies of development and regeneration enumerate the essential roles of highly diversified nonepithelial populations such as mesenchyme and endothelium in directing fate specification, morphogenesis, and maturation. Furthermore, organoids with physiological and homeostatic functions require direct and indirect inter-organ crosstalk recapitulating what is seen in organogenesis. We herein review the evolving organoid technology at the cell, tissue, organ, and system level with a main emphasis on endoderm derivatives. |
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