Heavy metals and trace elements in scalp hair samples of children with severe autism spectrum disorder: A case-control study on Jordanian children |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan;2. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan;3. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan;4. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA;5. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan;1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, 300, Taiwan;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 300, Taiwan;3. Department of Emergency Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan;4. Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan;5. Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan;6. Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan;7. School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan;1. Department of Water and Public Health, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia;2. Department of Chemistry, Columbus State University, 4225 University Avenue, Columbus, GA 31907, USA;3. Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa;4. Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia;5. Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;1. All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Moscow, Russia;2. Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia;3. Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia;4. RUDN University, Moscow, Russia;5. Scientific Center for Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia;6. Orenburg State Medical University, Orenburg, Russia;1. Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia;2. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, 105064, Russia;3. Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave., 13, Orenburg, 460352, Russia;4. Scientific Center for Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia;5. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia;6. I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Malaya Trubetskaya St., 8, Moscow, 119992, Russia |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundElemental analysis has been increasingly used for biomonitoring heavy metals and trace elements.MethodsThis study monitored the levels of two heavy metals (Al and Pb), and seven trace elements (Macroelements Mg, K, P and Ca; Microelements Zn, Cu, Fe) in scalp hair of 57 children with severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 50 age-matched controls, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-AES).ResultsCompared to controls, significantly higher levels of Al (p = 0.001), Pb (p = 0.001) and K (p = 0.021), with lower levels of Mg and Zn (p = 0.038) were observed for the ASD group. ASD boys had higher levels of Al (p = 0.001), Pb (p = 0.001) and K (p = 0.017) than control boys, while ASD girls had higher Pb levels (p = 0.005) than control girls. The ASD subgroup exposed to passive smokers had higher levels of Al (p = 0.033) and Pb (p = 0.001, and the ASD subgroup not exposed to passive smoke had higher levels of Al (p = 0.011), Pb (p = 0.001), K (p = 0.003); and lower levels of Mg (p = 0.011) than their controls. Other confounding factors and the correlation between these elements were also investigated.ConclusionThis data suggests that exposure to Al and Pb, increase intake of K, and decreased intake of magnesium and zinc, may contribute to ASD etiology. |
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| Keywords: | Autism spectrum disorder Hair Elements Lead Zinc Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry |
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