Reference values for trace element levels in the human brain: A systematic review of the literature |
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| Affiliation: | 1. LAQV / REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal;2. Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, P.Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal;3. National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, North Branch, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167, Porto, Portugal;4. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal;1. Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy;2. School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC, Italy;3. School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy;1. Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Cuajimalpa, Mexico City, Mexico;2. Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico;3. Departamento de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico;4. BGR Bundesansalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655, Hannover, Germany;1. Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 11, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria;2. Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria;3. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis, 15784, Athens, Greece;1. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, Av. San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Department of Pharmacy, The 967th hospital of People''s Liberation Army, No.80, Shengli Road, Xigang, Dalian, Liaoning, 116021, China;2. Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China;1. Department of Materials Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65178-38695, Iran;2. Environmental Science and Engineering Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA |
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| Abstract: | Some trace elements (TE) are eminently toxic for humans (e.g., Al, Pb, Hg, Cd) and its presence in the central nervous system has been linked to the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). More recently, the focus has shifted to the potential role of the imbalances on essential TE levels (e.g., Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) within the brain tissue, and they have also been identified as potentially responsible for the cognitive decline associated with normal ageing and the development of some ND, although their definite role remains unclear.Accurately, well-defined reference values for TE levels in human body fluids and tissues are indispensable to identify possible disturbances in individual cases. Moreover, since the brain is a highly heterogeneous organ, with anatomically and physiologically very different areas, a detailed mapping of TE distribution across the brain tissue of normal individuals, with an in-depth analysis of TE levels in the different brain regions, is a mandatory prior work so that the results obtained from patients suffering from ND and other brain diseases can be interpreted.This review aims to compile and summarize the available data regarding TE levels in the different human brain regions of “normal” (non-diseased) individuals in order to contribute to the establishment of robust reference values. Fifty-four studies, published since 1960, were considered. The results showed a great variability between different studies. The potential sources of this variability are discussed. The need for increased harmonization of experimental strategies is highlighted in order to improve the comparability of the data obtained. |
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| Keywords: | Trace elements Microminerals Human brain Reference values Systematic review |
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