Association of prenatal factors and cord blood lead levels in China: A nested cohort cross-sectional study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Pediatrics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 110000, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China;2. Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 110000, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China;3. Department of Obstetrics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 110000, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China;1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;2. Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;3. Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;4. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;5. Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;6. Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran;7. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Farmacologia Bioquímica (LaFarBio), Grupo de Pesquisa em Neurobiotecnologia (GPN), Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, RS, Brazil;2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Seleno Therapeutics Pty. Ltd., Brighton East, VIC, 3187, Australia;4. Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, RS, Brazil;5. Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, RS, Brazil;1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, 300, Taiwan;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 300, Taiwan;3. Department of Emergency Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan;4. Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan;5. Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan;6. Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan;7. School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan;1. Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States;2. Eastern Virginia Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Norfolk, VA, 23507, United States;1. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China;2. Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China;3. Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China;4. Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100, Guangxi, China |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundLead exposure all over the world has gradually declined. As fetuses are more prone to lead exposure, even to low levels of lead exposure, it is important to monitor blood lead levels (BLLs) in pregnancy.MethodsWe obtained data on BLLs in the third trimester of pregnancy from medical records and measured cord BLLs obtained from 121 mother-child pairs in Shenyang, China from September 2019 to February 2020. We also estimated relationships between socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors during pregnancy as well as cord BLLs to identify the source of lead exposure during pregnancy. BLLs was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry through graphite furnace ionization techniques. The data which obtained by questionnaires during pregnancy included maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary factors. We have established three multivariate logistic regression models in which the dichotomous BLLs was used as the dependent variable (cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L vs <20 μg/L).ResultsThe median and geometric mean of cord BLLs were 22.90 μg/L, 21.88 μg/L and BLLs in the third trimester of pregnancy were 25.29 μg/L, 24.66 μg/L, respectively. BLLs showed significant correlations between cord and the third trimester of pregnancy (r = 0.277, P = 0.012). Pregnant women who had not been exposed to passive smoking had lower OR (95 %) [0.43(0.19–0.94)] for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L than pregnant women who had. Intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during third trimester of pregnancy presented an OR (95 %) [0.23(0.08–0.61)] for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L. Consuming more whole grains (>3 times/week) and beverage (≥1 times/week) showed an OR (95%CI) for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L of 0.09(0.02–0.53) and 0.19(0.06–0.69), respectively.ConclusionThis study showed the cord BLLs of Chinese are still higher than most developed countries. Passive smoking is a risk factor for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L and supplement of DHA, whole grains and beverage consumption during pregnancy may act as a beneficial factor against having cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L. |
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| Keywords: | Pregnancy Lead Environment Exposure |
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