Association of lead and cadmium exposure with kidney stone incidence: A study on the non-occupational population in Nandan of China |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China;2. Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China;3. Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China;4. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China;5. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China;6. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States;1. Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;2. Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, I-20133, Italy;3. LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, Segrate, MI, I-20090, Italy;4. Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Piazza Pierangeli 1, Pescara, Rectorate of Leonardo da Vinci Telematic University, Largo San Rocco 11 Torrevecchia Teatina, CH, Italy;5. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;1. Institute of Keshan Disease, Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;2. Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;3. Heilongjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, China;4. The Second Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention of Jilin Province, Jilin 132000, China;5. Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China;6. Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China;7. Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710082, China;8. Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China;9. Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, China;10. Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China;11. Inner Mongolia Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huhehot 010031, China;12. Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, PR China;2. Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518051, PR China;1. Saint-Petersburg Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, St. Petersburg, Russia;2. I.I. Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia;3. K.A. Raukhfus Children''s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center for High Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia;4. First Pavlov State Medical University of Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia;5. National Center of Morphological Diagnostic, St. Petersburg, Russia;6. Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia;7. I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia;8. K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, Moscow, Russia;9. Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia;1. Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain;2. Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52–70, CP: 37007 Salamanca, Spain;3. Movement, Brain and Health (MOBhe) Research Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, affiliated to Comillas Pontifical University, Costa de Saragossa 16, 07013 Palma, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain;4. Faculty of Language and Education, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, 28248, Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundEnvironmental lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) pollution has been considered a risk factor in the etiology of kidney stones. However, the association between Pb and Cd exposure and kidney stone incidence has yet to be determined.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine a possible the association between kidney stones with Pb and Cd exposure (alone or combined) in a non-occupational population.MethodsPb and Cd contaminations in soil-plant system were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Health risk assessment of dietary Pb or Cd intake from rice and vegetables were calculated. Kidney stones were diagnosed with urinary tract ultrasonography. Urinary cadmium (UCd) and blood lead (BPb) levels were determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed.ResultsThe hazard indexes (HI) of Pb and Cd were 7.91 and 7.31. The odds ratio (OR) was 2.83 (95 %CI:1.38−5.77) in males with high BPb (BPb ≥ 100 μg/L), compared with those with low BPb (BPb＜100 μg/L). Compared to those with low BPb and low UCd (BPb＜100 μg/L and UCd＜2 μg/g creatinine), the ORs were 2.58 (95 % CI:1.17−5.70) and 3.43 (95 % CI:1.21−9.16) in females and males with high BPb and high UCd (BPb ≥100 μg/L and UCd ≥2 μg/g creatinine), respectively. The OR was 3.16 (95 % CI:1.26−7.88) in males with high BPb and low UCd (BPb ≥ 100 μg/L and UCd ＜2 μg/g creatinine), compared to those with low BPb and low UCd.ConclusionsKidney stones incidence was increased by high Pb exposure in males, and by Pb and Cd co-exposure in males and females. |
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| Keywords: | Lead Cadmium Kidney stones Co-exposure Incidence |
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