Maternal urinary cadmium concentrations in early pregnancy in relation to prenatal and postpartum size of offspring |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China;2. Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA;3. Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhenjiang, China;4. Guangdong Maternal and Child Hospital, Guangzhou, China;5. Nanhai Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China;6. National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China;7. Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada;1. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Av. Chorroarín 280, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Grupo de Biotaxonomía Morfológica y Molecular de Peces, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Dean Funes 3350, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina;4. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Martín de Irigoyen 3100 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina;5. Centro de Investigaciones Antonia Ramos (CIAR), Fundación Bosques Nativos Argentinos para la Biodiversidad, Argentina;1. Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;2. Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, I-20133, Italy;3. LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, Segrate, MI, I-20090, Italy;4. Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Piazza Pierangeli 1, Pescara, Rectorate of Leonardo da Vinci Telematic University, Largo San Rocco 11 Torrevecchia Teatina, CH, Italy;5. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;1. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, 38000, Grenoble, France;2. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U1055, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA), and Environmental and System Biology (BEeSy), 38000, Grenoble, France;1. Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain;2. Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52–70, CP: 37007 Salamanca, Spain;3. Movement, Brain and Health (MOBhe) Research Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, affiliated to Comillas Pontifical University, Costa de Saragossa 16, 07013 Palma, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain;4. Faculty of Language and Education, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, 28248, Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThe impacts of environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure on birth size parameters including weight, length and head circumference (HC) have been reported in multiple studies. However, little remains known of the impacts of maternal Cd exposure during pregnancy on size during in utero development and during early childhood. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate impacts of maternal Cd exposure during pregnancy on the size of offspring in utero (from 24 weeks pregnancy) until six months of age.MethodsPregnant mothers were recruited as part of an ongoing prospective birth cohort study based in Guangdong, China. Maternal urine samples were collected in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, in which Cd concentrations were measured by inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). In utero size indicators at 24 and 32 week of gestation, including biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) and HC were derived from ultrasound examinations. Anthropometric measures of weight, height and HC at birth and one, three and six months of age were also collected. Associations of size measures at the various time points with maternal urinary Cd concentrations were assessed using linear regression models.ResultsThe median urinary Cd concentration was 1.00 and 0.98 μg/g creatinine in the first and third trimesters respectively. In univariate analysis, increased maternal Cd levels in the first trimester were associated with decreased HC (-0.17 cm/ug/g urinary Cd) at birth, and the association was particularly pronounced among males (-0.30 cm/ug/g urinary Cd). First trimester Cd exposure was also found to be significantly associated with decreased infant weight at three and six months of age among girls (?101 g/ug/g and ?97 g/ug/g urinary Cd, respectively). Associations of similar magnitude were observed after adjustment for various maternal factors. No significant associations were observed with infant size measures or with measures of Cd in the third trimester.ConclusionsOur detailed study suggests that the first trimester is particularly critical window of susceptibility to sex-specific effects of Cd on size parameters at birth, with some effects persisting to six months of age. These compelling sex-dependent effects on HC and body weight warrant future studies examining longer-term health effects of pregnancy-related Cd exposures. |
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| Keywords: | Cadmium Pregnancy Birth-cohort Ultrasound Weight Head circumference |
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