Trace elements in drinking water and the incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
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| Institution: | 1. National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;2. The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Centre for Integrated Register Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;4. Department of Public Health, Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;5. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS, Denmark;6. Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, BERTHA, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;7. Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;1. Departmento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, FOB/USP, Bauru, Brazil;2. Departmento de Cirurgia e Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil;3. Departmento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, FOA/UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil;4. Departmento de Endodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará – Campus de Sobral, UFC, Sobral, Brazil;5. School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University, Queensland, Australia;1. Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinicilor St, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;2. Departments of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 Ion Creanga St., 400606, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;3. National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donath St, No. 67-103, RO-400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;4. Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur St., 400349, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;5. Department of Morphopathology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 35 Clinicilor St, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;6. INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, ICIA, Romania;7. Department of Surgery, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Babes St, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;8. University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur St, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;1. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Chemistry Department, CReAA, via Bologna 148, Turin, Italy;2. ASL BI Local Veterinary Service Veterinary Biella, BI, Italy;1. Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;2. Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, I-20133, Italy;3. LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, Segrate, MI, I-20090, Italy;4. Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Piazza Pierangeli 1, Pescara, Rectorate of Leonardo da Vinci Telematic University, Largo San Rocco 11 Torrevecchia Teatina, CH, Italy;5. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;1. Centro de Pesquisa Clínica e Epidemiológica, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes. ASTox - Laboratory of Analytical and Systems Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil;4. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil;5. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;6. Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, São Paulo, Brazil;7. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundTrace elements have been suggested to have neurotoxic effects and increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, but studies of a potential role of trace elements in relation to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are very limited. The objective of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis investigating the associations between 17 geogenic trace elements (Ba, Co, Eu, I, Li, Mo, Rb, Re, Rh, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sr, Ti, U and Y) found in Danish drinking water and the risk of developing ADHD.MethodsIn this cohort study, 284,309 individuals, born 1994–2007, were followed for incidence of ADHD from the age of five until the end of study, December 31, 2016. We conducted survival analyses, using Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) in three different confounder adjustment scenarios.ResultsIn a model including adjustments for age, sex, calendar year, parental socio-economic status, neighborhood level socio-economic status and parental psychiatric illness, we found that six of the 17 trace elements (Sr, Rb, Rh, Ti, Sb and Re) were associated with an increased risk of ADHD, whereas two (Ba and I) were inversely associated with ADHD. However, when including region as a covariate in the model, most trace elements were no longer associated with ADHD or the association changed direction. Four trace elements (I, Li, Rb, and Y) remained significantly associated with ADHD but in an inverse direction and for three of these (I, Li and Y), we found significant interactions with region in their association with ADHD.ConclusionThe trace elements under investigation, at levels found in Danish drinking water, do not seem to contribute to the development of ADHD and our findings highlight the importance of examining consistency of associations across geographic areas. |
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| Keywords: | Trace elements Drinking water Neurodevelopment ADHD |
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