Age as a major factor associated with zinc and copper deficiencies in pediatric thalassemia |
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| Institution: | 1. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Chemistry Department, CReAA, via Bologna 148, Turin, Italy;2. ASL BI Local Veterinary Service Veterinary Biella, BI, Italy;1. Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, PR China;2. Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518051, PR China;1. Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China;2. Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China;3. Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530022, China;4. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China;5. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China;6. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States;1. Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (C.A.S.T.), \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;2. Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, I-20133, Italy;3. LASA, Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi di Milano and INFN-Milano, Via F.lli Cervi 201, Segrate, MI, I-20090, Italy;4. Institute of Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Piazza Pierangeli 1, Pescara, Rectorate of Leonardo da Vinci Telematic University, Largo San Rocco 11 Torrevecchia Teatina, CH, Italy;5. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, \"G. d''Annunzio\" University of Chieti-Pescara, via Luigi Polacchi 11, Chieti, I-66100, Italy;1. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundPatients with thalassemia encounter increased consumption of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) from chronic hemolysis and increased excretion from iron chelation. Iron-enriched diet restriction may result in low Zn and Cu intakes. Recent data on Zn and Cu status among Thai pediatric patients with thalassemia are lacking. This study aimed to identify frequencies and determine risk factors of Zn and Cu deficiencies among patients with thalassemia.MethodsPatients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) receiving iron chelation ≥12 months and nonTDT (NTDT) aged 2–20 years were recruited. Serum Zn and Cu were measured. Dietary intakes were ascertained by interviews.ResultsA total of 209 patients (TDT = 126, NTDT = 83) were enrolled. Zn deficiency seemed to be associated with disease severity as median (IQR) Zn level of TDT was lower than that of NTDT 77 (69?85) vs. 80 (72?88) mcg/dL, p = 0.05], while higher frequency of Zn deficiency was identified in the former (24 % vs. 14 %). In TDT, Zn deficiency was associated with patients >10 years (OR 4.6; 95 %CI 1.1–6.4, p = 0.03), which likely resulted from combined low dietary Zn intake, prolonged exposures to hemolysis and iron chelators. Frequencies of Cu deficiency were similarly low in TDT and NTDT (8% and 7%) with comparable median (IQR) Cu levels of 103 (90?124) and 110 (92?132) mcg/dL, respectively (p = 0.13). Cu levels were inversely associated with age (r=-0.65 and r=-0.62 in TDT and NTDT, respectively; p < 0.001).ConclusionCompared with younger patients, Zn and Cu deficiencies were more common among patients with thalassemia >10 years. Age was a major factor associated with both Zn and Cu deficiencies. |
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| Keywords: | Zn deficiency Cu deficiency Zn level Cu level Thalassemia Iron chelators |
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