Increased zinc and albumin but lowered copper in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq;2. Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Havalan City, Erbil, Iraq;3. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;4. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria;5. IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia;1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;2. Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;3. Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;4. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;5. Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;6. Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran;7. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kerbala, Karbala, Iraq;2. ICP-MS Facility, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK;1. Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;2. Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96160-000, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil;3. Metallomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 45221, Cincinnati, OH, USA;1. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil;2. Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil;3. School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil;4. Laboratory of Toxicology, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil;5. Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil;1. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Patología, Av. San Martín 5285, C1427CWO, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;2. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisicoquímica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Junín 956, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, 11340, Mexico;2. Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Ixtapaluca, Carretera Federal México-Puebla km 34.5, C.P. 56530, Ixtapaluca, State of Mexico, Mexico;3. BioBoron Research Institute, Dunarii 31B Street, 207465, Podari, Romania |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundMeasurements of copper and zinc in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) show contradictory results.Aim of the studyTo examine serum levels of these minerals in TDT in relation to iron overload indices and erythron variables.MethodsThis study recruited 60 children with TDT and 30 healthy controls aged 3–12 years old.ResultsZinc was significantly higher in TDT children than in controls, while copper and the copper to zinc ratio were significantly lowered in TDT. Serum zinc was significantly associated with the number of blood transfusions and iron overload variables (including serum iron and TS%) and negatively with erythron variables (including hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin). Serum copper was significantly and negatively associated with the same iron overload and erythron variables. The copper to zinc ratio was significantly correlated with iron, TS%, ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Albumin levels were significantly higher in TDT children than in control children.ConclusionOur results suggest that the increase in zinc in children with TDT may be explained by iron loading anemia and hemolysis and the consequent shedding of high amounts of intracellular zinc into the plasma. Increased albumin levels and treatment with Desferral may further contribute towards higher zinc levels in TDT. We suggest that the elevations in zinc in TDT are a compensatory mechanism protecting against infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Previous proposals for prophylactic use of zinc supplements in TDT may not be warranted. |
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| Keywords: | Copper Transfusion-Dependent thalassemia Zinc Oxidative stress Antioxidants Biomarkers |
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