Trace elements (Al,Cd, Cr,Cu, Fe,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus from Faro and Ganzirri Lakes (Sicily,Italy): Flow cytometry applied for hemocytes analysis |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy;2. Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy;3. Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily “A. Mirri”, Palermo, Italy;4. Bayramiç Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey;5. Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy;1. Physics Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal;2. LIBPhys - Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics, Portugal;3. Anatomy Department, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University Lisbon, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal;1. Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005, India;2. WQMG/DEST Division, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jodhpur, 342011, India;3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005, India;4. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005, India;5. Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005, India;1. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic;2. Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic;3. Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic;4. Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veve?í 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic;5. Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia;1. Istanbul University, TEB?P Programme, Chemistry Department, 34220, ?stanbul, Turkey;2. Y?ld?z Technical University, Chemistry Department, 34220, ?stanbul, Turkey;3. Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No:112, 06670, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundTrace elements present in sessile molluscs, are important because they are used in human consumption and it has significantly increased in recent years. While their filtering of the water can lead to their build-up of organic and inorganic materials that can be sampled and analyzed, this can also lead to bioaccumulation of harmful substances, such as essential and non-essential elements, that can harm the human health if in taken in high concentrations or for a long period of time.MethodsIn the present study, the trace metal content (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) of two sessile crustaceans, 20 Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) and 20 Tapes decussatus (clam) in Faro and Ganzirri Lakes (Messina, Sicily, Italy) were analyzed. Haemolymph samples were taken on both molluscs in order to analyze the haemocyte population by flow cytometric analysis. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine significant differences for the essential and non-essential metallic elements concentrations in the lake waters and in the tissues of M. galloprovincialis and T. decussatus and for hemocyte populations R1 (halinocytes) and R2 (granulocytes).ResultsThe results suggested that that in Faro Lake, the tissue Al, Cr and Pb levels in M. galloprovincialis were higher than those for T. decussatus, in contrast to Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd, which were higher in T. decussatus. Unpaired t-tests showed that there were significantly higher proportions of halinocytes in M. galloprovincialis versus T. decussatus for both Faro Lake (41.8 % vs. 24.3 %; P < 0.001) and Ganzirri Lake (43.0 % vs. 22.4 %; P < 0.001). In contrast, while there were significantly higher proportions of granulocytes in Faro Lake (21.2 % vs. 9.1 %; P < 0.001), this difference was not seen for the granulocytes of M. galloprovincialis versus T. decussatus in Ganzirri Lake (9.6 % vs. 13.0 %).ConclusionThis study shows that M. galloprovincialis and T. decussatus can indeed bioaccumulate some of these metal, such that activation of the immune responses is specific to certain cell types. Future research must focus on the balance of trace elements in the consumption of these shellfish, and analyzes with more sophisticated tools can be used to diagnose the increased concentration of trace elements and the quantification of trace metals from shellfish to clams. |
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| Keywords: | Trace element Flow cytometric analysis Haemocyte subpopulations Hyalinocyte Phagocitosis Immunology |
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