A model for budding in hydra: pattern formation in concentric rings

Current models of pattern formation in Hydra propose head-and foot-specific morphogens to control the development of the body ends and along the body length axis. In addition, these morphogens are proposed to control a cellular parameter (positional value, source density) which changes gradually along the axis. This gradient determines the tissue polarity and the regional capacity to form a head and a foot, respectively, in transplantation experiments. The current models are very successful in explaining regeneration and transplantation experiments. However, some results obtained render problems, in particular budding, the asexual way of reproduction is not understood. Here an alternative model is presented to overcome these problems. A primary system of interactions controls the positional values. At certain positional values secondary systems become active which initiate the local formation of e.g. mouth, tentacles, and basal disc. (i) A system of autocatalysis and lateral inhibition is suggested to exist as proposed by Gierer and Meinhardt (Kybernetik 12 (1972) 30). (ii) The activator is neither a head nor a foot activator but rather causes an increase of the positional value. (iii) On the other hand, a generation of the activator leads to its loss from cells and therewith to a (local) decrease of the positional value. (iv) An inhibitor is proposed to exist which antagonizes an increase of the positional value. External conditions like the gradient of positional values in the surroundings and interactions with other sites of morphogen production decide whether at a certain site of activator generation the positional value will increase (head formation), decrease (foot formation) or increase in the centre and decrease in the periphery thereby forming concentric rings (bud formation). Computer-simulation experiments show basic features of budding, regeneration and transplantation.