Convergent and parallel evolution: a model illustrating selection, phylogeny and phenetic similarity

A model is proposed which considers the structural relationships of body characteristics and their role in a concept wherein the phylogenetic relationship of the organisms under study is interpreted as constituting degrees of convergent or parallel evolution. The model also accounts for the relationships between selection pressures, phylogeny, and phenetic expression. The phenomena of convergent and parallel evolution are based upon the observations of similar characteristics, the geometric concept, magnitude and similarity of selection pressures, and the phylogenetic relationship of the groups in question.