Molecular analysis of prokaryotic diversity in the deep subsurface of the former Homestake gold mine,South Dakota,USA |
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Authors: | Gurdeep Rastogi Larry D Stetler Brent M Peyton Rajesh K Sani |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA;(2) Ecology Department, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;(3) WR Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA;(4) California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA;(5) Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA; |
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Abstract: | A culture-independent molecular phylogenetic analysis was carried out to study the prokaryotic diversity in two soil samples
collected from the subsurface (1.34 km depth) of the former Homestake gold mine, Lead, South Dakota, USA at two sites, the
Ross shaft and number 6 Winze. Microbial community analyses were performed by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes retrieved
directly from soil samples. Geochemical characterization of soils revealed high amount of toxic metals such as As, Cd, Co,
Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and U at both the sites. Phylogenetic analyses showed that soil samples were predominantly composed of
phylotypes related to phylum Proteobacteria. Other phyla detected in libraries were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes,
Verrucomicrobia, and candidate divisions OP10 and TM7. The majority (>95%) of the phylotypes retrieved in the libraries were most closely
related to environmental sequences from yet-uncultured bacteria representing a hitherto unidentified diversity. The archaeal
communities at both the sites exhibited lower diversity and were most closely affiliated to uncultivated species within the
Crenarchaeota. Results showed the existence of diverse microbial populations in deep subsurface environment of the Homestake gold mine.
Statistical analyses demonstrated that each site harbored phylogenetically distinct microbial populations that were more diverse
at Ross site compare to winze site. |
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