Genetic diversity of Gambierdiscus spp. (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) in Japanese coastal areas

The genetic diversity of the ciguatera fish poisoning-related dinoflagellate distributed in Japanese coastal areas was investigated. The entire sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene and two internal transcribed (ITS) regions were determined, which included putative pseudogenes, from 19 strains of dinoflagellates assigned to the genus Gambierdiscus Adachi et Fukuyo collected from Japanese subtropical and temperate coastal areas. The sequences obtained from the 19 strains were divided into two types based on sequence similarity. Here we designate the two types as type 1 and type 2. For the relationship between the genotypes and origins of the strains used, the strains collected from subtropical areas possessed the type 1 sequence; whereas those from temperate areas possessed the type 2. This observation led us to question former reputations that Gambierdiscus cells observed in Japanese temperate areas are immigrants from Japanese subtropical areas. Subsequently, we sequenced a part of the 18S rRNA gene from two strains from subtropical areas and two from temperate areas. Unfortunately, phylogenetic analysis including the sequences obtained from various gonyaulacales dinoflagellates failed to determine the species phylogenetically closely related to and possible origin(s) of the Gambierdiscus sp. from the Japanese coastal areas.