Serum Inflammatory Cytokine Levels Correlate with Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease Severity: A Nested Serial Case-Control Study |
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| Authors: | Guangcai Duan Haiyan Yang Lubin Shi Wumei Sun Meili Sui Rongguang Zhang Xinhong Wang Fang Wang Weidong Zhang Yuanlin Xi Qingtang Fan |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.; 2. Henan Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.; 3. Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.; 4. Children''s Hospital of Zhengzhou City, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundHand-food-mouth disease (HFMD) cases can be fatal. These cases develop rapidly, and it is important to predict the severity of HFMD from mild to fatal and to identify risk factors for mild HFMD. The objective of this study was to correlate the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines with HFMD severity.MethodsThis study was designed as a nested serial case-control study. The data collected included general information, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory findings and serum cytokine levels.ResultsThe levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ in patients with severe HFMD were significantly higher than in mild patients during the 2nd to 5th day after disease onset. The levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ increased from the 2nd day to the 4th day and later decreased. The levels of TNF-α were high on the first two days and subsequently decreased. The changes of IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the controls were similar for all cases. The levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-17 in the controls were not significantly different with the progression of HFMD.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels correlate with HFMD severity. |
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