Microwaves for electron microscopy |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Groningen P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;2. Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands;1. Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland;2. Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland;1. Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada;2. Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;1. Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany;2. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China;3. College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716000, China;4. China College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, China;1. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China;2. College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China;3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China;1. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;3. Industrial Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China |
| |
| Abstract: | Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths between 1 m and 1 mm, respectively. Microwaves interact with a wide variety of materials. In fact, they can be used to heat dielectric materials. Diffusion and chemical-reaction rates are influenced by temperature increase. Many authors believe that, if microwave irradiation is optimally applied, the resulting microscopical images are of superior quality, because of good process control.In order to develop good microwave recipes for EM it is important to face the following questions: - 1.1. What is the influence of microwaves on the reagents?
- 2.2. What are the basic mechanisms behind the procedure?
- 3.3. What is the influence of temperature increase on the reaction rates?
- 4.4. What is the optimal temperature?
- 5.5. Does microwave irradiation cause destruction of, for instance, proteins or membranes?
- 6.6. How to program the microwave oven? How does the load (container with reagent, if any, and specimen) influence the microwave irradiation? How to place the container in the oven?
|
| |
| Keywords: | |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
