Chloroplast structure: from chlorophyll granules to supra-molecular architecture of thylakoid membranes |
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Authors: | Staehelin L Andrew |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, UCB 347, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0347, USA ( |
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Abstract: | This review provides a brief historical account of how microscopical studies of chloroplasts have contributed to our current
knowledge of the structural and functional organization of thylakoid membranes. It starts by tracing the origins of the terms
plastid, grana, stroma and chloroplasts to light microscopic studies of 19th century German botanists, and then describes
how different types of electron microscopical techniques have added to this field. The most notable contributions of thin
section electron microscopy include the elucidation of the 3-D organization of thylakoid membranes, the discovery of prolamellar
bodies in etioplasts, and the structural changes in thylakoid architecture that accompany the light-dependent transformation
of etioplasts into chloroplasts. Attention is then focused on the roles that freeze-fracture and freeze-etch electron microscopy
and immuno electron microscopy have played in defining the extent to which the functional complexes of thylakoids are non-randomly
distributed between appressed, grana and non-appressed stroma thylakoids. Studies reporting on how this lateral differentiation
can be altered experimentally, and how the spatial organization of functional complexes is affected by alterations in the
light environment of plants are also included in this discussion. Finally, the review points to the possible uses of electron
microscope tomography techniques in future structural studies of thylakoid membranes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. |
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Keywords: | ATP synthase Daniel Branton chloroplast cytochrome b6f etioplast grana Brian Gunning lateral heterogeneity Werner Menke Hugo von Mohl molecular organization Photosystem I Photosystem II prolamellar body proplastid David Simpson state 1 state 2 thylakoid thylakoid stacking Diter von Wettstein |
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