Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial function in preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells

Mitochondrial function is dependent upon regulation of biogenesis and dynamics. A number of studies have documented the importance of these organelles in both preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), however it remains unclear how mitochondria respond to their immediate microenvironment through modulation of morphology and movement, or whether perturbations in these processes will have a significant impact following differentiation/implantation. Here we review existing literature on two key aspects of nuclear–mitochondrial cross-talk and the dynamic processes involved in mediating mitochondrial function through regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, morphology and movement, with particular emphasis on embryos and ESCs.