Differentiation of the gastric mucosa III. Animal models of oxyntic atrophy and metaplasia

Gastric cancer in humans arises in the setting of oxyntic atrophy (parietal cell loss) and attendant hyperplastic and metaplastic lineage changes within the gastric mucosa. Helicobacter infection in mice and humans leads to spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). In a number of mouse models, SPEM arises after oxyntic atrophy. In mice treated with the parietal cell toxic protonophore DMP-777, SPEM appears to arise from the transdifferentiation of chief cells. These results support the concept that intrinsic mucosal influences regulate and modulate the appearance of gastric metaplasia even in the absence of significant inflammation, whereas chronic inflammation is required for the further neoplastic transition.