Cowpea mosaic virus as a vaccine carrier of heterologous antigens

The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), has been developed as an expression and presentation system to display antigenic epitopes derived from a number of vaccine targets including infectious disease agents and tumors. These chimeric virus particles (CVPs) could represent a cost-effective and safe alternative to live replicating virus and bacterial vaccines. A number of CVPs have now been generated and their immunogenicity examined in a number of animal species. This review details the humoral and cellular immune responses generated by these CVPs following both parenteral and mucosal delivery and highlights the potential of CVPs to elicit protective immunity from both viral and bacterial infection.