Characterization and human health risk assessment of trace metal in PM10 in Bac Giang,short-term study in a developing province in Vietnam |
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Authors: | Thi Hieu Bui Thi Hue Nguyen Thuy Nguyen Ta Van Tu Vu |
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Institution: | 1. Faculty of Environmental Engineering, University of Civil Engineering, Ha Noi, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6466-9737;2. Department of Environmental Water Quality Analysis, Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3074-6535;3. Department of Applied Analytics, Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-0014;4. Department of Environmental Water Quality Analysis, Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-7604 |
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Abstract: | Abstract This study investigated the airborne concentration of PM10 and 20 trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Na, Pb, Ti, V, Zn) in residential, industry, traffic road, coal mining, thermal power plant area of Bac Giang province. The average PM10 concentration was highest at coal site, followed by traffic 1 sites, industrial sites and traffic 2 sites, the residential sites, and lowest at the power plant site located in mountain area. While Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na were the most abundant elements in all sampling sites, accounting for 73–96% of total obtained elements, the concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn occupied from 2.9 to 23.2%. Noticeably, the concentrations of Cd were from 7 to 65 times higher than the concentration limit for Cd (0.1?ng/m3) according the World Health Organization (WHO). Although, the Hazard Index (HI values) of all metals were found to be within the safe level for both children and adults, the Carcinogenic Risk (CR) of Cr and As in all sites were closed to the acceptable levels for children, implying a potential carcinogenic risks of these metals. |
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Keywords: | health risk heavy metal PM10 exposure assessment enrichment factor Bac Giang |
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