Structural domains of human apolipoprotein B-100. Differential accessibility to limited proteolysis of B-100 in low density and very low density lipoproteins

The structural domains of human apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the conformational changes of B-100 that accompany the conversion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) to LDL were investigated by limited proteolysis with 12 endoproteases of various specificities, and their cleavage sites were determined. In B-100 of LDL, we identified two peptide regions that are highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. One region encompassed about 40 amino acids (residues 1280-1320, designated as the NH2-terminal region) and the other about 100 amino acids (residues 3180-3280, designated as the COOH-terminal region). IN LDL, the cleavage sites in both susceptible regions of B-100 were readily accessible to limited proteolysis; but in VLDL, only sites in the COOH-terminal region were readily accessible. Moreover, B-100 in VLDL appeared less degraded than B-100 in LDL by all enzymes used. Reduction of disulfide bonds of B-100 in both LDL and VLDL before digestion by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and clostripain exposed additional cleavage sites and increased the rate of B-100 degradation, suggesting that disulfide bonds probably exert conformational constraints. These results indicate the presence of three principal structural domains in B-100 of LDL that are relatively resistant to limited proteolysis. These three domains are connected by the two susceptible peptide regions. Our results also demonstrate differential accessibility of cleavage sites in B-100 of LDL and VLDL to limited proteolysis. This differential accessibility suggests that substantial changes in the conformation or environment of B-100 accompany the conversion of VLDL to LDL.