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Molecular phylogeography and intraspecific divergence of Spiraea alpina (Rosaceae) distributed in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions inferred from nrDNA
Affiliation:1. Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China;3. Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, PR China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China;1. Chongqing Research institute for new material technology, Chongqing University of Arts and Science, Chongqing 402160, PR China;2. Department of Research Center for Materials Interdisciplinary Science, Chongqing PR China;1. Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, SAGE, the Nelson Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA;2. Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;1. Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET), Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP), CNRS-UMR 8207, ENSCL, Université Lille Nord de France, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France;2. Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, Université Lille Nord de France, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France;3. Service Microsonde Électronique, ENSCL, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Université Lille Nord de France, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France;1. Information and Electrical Engineering College, Ludong University, China;2. Research and Development Department, North Star Automatic Control Technology Co., Ltd., China
Abstract:The Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP) uplift had a decisive effect on climatic and eco-environmental evolution in East Asia during the Quaternary. In the current study phylogeographic structure and diversification history of Spiraea alpina across the QTP were investigated for the first time based on nuclear internal transcribed spacer. The nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS1a–ITS4) were generated for a total of 284 individuals distributed within 31 natural populations. A clear phylogeographic structure was found for S. alpina. The results showed that this species colonized in three different glacial refugia during the Quaternary extensive glaciation and expanded during the Interglacial period. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 74.13% genetic diversity among populations and 25.87% genetic variation within populations with distinct phylogeographic structure (FST = 0.741*). The estimated divergence time revealed that the main lineages of S. alpina diversified during the Quaternary 1.2–0.6 million years ago. The study concluded that severe climatic oscillations during Quaternary and the uplift of QTP had a profound effect on intraspecific divergence of S. alpina.
Keywords:Genetic diversity  Glacial refugia  Allopatric divergence  Phylogeography  Qinghai-Tibetan plateau  Speciation
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