Considerations for the measurement of core,skin and mean body temperatures |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Human and Applied Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;2. Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom;3. Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;1. School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary''s University, Twickenham, UK;2. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA;3. National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK;4. Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West Scotland, Hamilton, UK;1. Department of Human Functional Anatomy and Biometry Institute of Physical Culture and Health Promotion of Szczecin University, al. Piastów 40b, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;2. Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Grudziadzka 31, 70-103 Szczecin, Poland;3. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology of Szczecin University, ul. Felczaka 3c, 70–453 Szczecin, Poland;4. Independence Laboratory of Medical Biology, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;1. Federal Institute for Education, Sciences and Technology of Minas Gerais, Campus Ipatinga and Governador Valadares, Brazil;2. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil;3. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;4. Medical and Physiology Department, Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;5. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;6. Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil;7. Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Despite previous reviews and commentaries, significant misconceptions remain concerning deep-body (core) and skin temperature measurement in humans. Therefore, the authors have assembled the pertinent Laws of Thermodynamics and other first principles that govern physical and physiological heat exchanges. The resulting review is aimed at providing theoretical and empirical justifications for collecting and interpreting these data. The primary emphasis is upon deep-body temperatures, with discussions of intramuscular, subcutaneous, transcutaneous and skin temperatures included. These are all turnover indices resulting from variations in local metabolism, tissue conduction and blood flow. Consequently, inter-site differences and similarities may have no mechanistic relationship unless those sites have similar metabolic rates, are in close proximity and are perfused by the same blood vessels. Therefore, it is proposed that a gold standard deep-body temperature does not exist. Instead, the validity of each measurement must be evaluated relative to one's research objectives, whilst satisfying equilibration and positioning requirements. When using thermometric computations of heat storage, the establishment of steady-state conditions is essential, but for clinically relevant states, targeted temperature monitoring becomes paramount. However, when investigating temperature regulation, the response characteristics of each temperature measurement must match the forcing function applied during experimentation. Thus, during dynamic phases, deep-body temperatures must be measured from sites that track temperature changes in the central blood volume. |
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| Keywords: | Calorimetry Core temperature Mean body temperature Measurement Muscle temperature Skin temperature Thermoregulation |
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