Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India;2. Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India;1. Department of Oncology, Affiliated Sixth People''s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China;2. Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women''s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;3. Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China;1. University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;2. Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil;3. School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand;4. State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil;1. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Dresden Technical University Medical Center, Germany;2. Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria;3. Vienna University of Technology, Austria;4. Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder, Vienna, Austria;5. Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;6. Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA;7. Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany;8. University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria |
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| Abstract: | Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field. |
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