Advanced optimum contribution selection as a tool to improve regional cattle breeds: a feasibility study for Vorderwald cattle

In the middle of the 20th century, increasing inbreeding rates were identified as a threat to livestock breeding. Consequences include reduced fertility, fitness and phenotypic expression of lethal alleles. An important step in mitigating this inbreeding was the introduction of optimum contribution selection (OCS). OCS facilitates the simultaneous management of genetic gain and inbreeding rates. However, using a standard OCS methodology for regional breeds with historical introgression for upgrading reasons could lead to reinforced selection on introgressed genetic material since those alleles improve the rate of genetic gain and reduce the average kinship in the population. Consequently, regional breeds may become genetically extinct if a standard OCS approach is used. Thus, the advanced OCS (aOCS) approach takes introgressed genetic material into account. The major goals of this study were to (i) gather key information on the feasibility of aOCS under practical conditions of the actual breeding scheme of Vorderwald cattle, (ii) identify superior strategies for implementing the actual scheme and (iii) examine whether historical breeding decisions to increase genetic gain by introgression from commercial breeds could have been avoided by using aOCS. Stochastic simulations were designed in this study to create populations from the historical gene pool by using aOCS. Simultaneously, all practical constraints of a breeding scheme were met. Thus, the simulated populations were comparable with real data. The annual genetic gain was higher in reality (1.56) than in the simulation scenarios (1.12–1.40). The introgressed genetic material increased to 61.3% in reality but was conserved at a final value of 15.3% (±0.78) across simulations. The classical rate of inbreeding and rate of native inbreeding were constrained to 0.092% on an annual basis. This value is equal to an effective population size of 100. The observed values for rates of inbreeding were 0.082–0.087% and 0.087–0.088% for classical and native kinship, respectively. The corresponding figures in reality were 0.067% and 0.184%, respectively. This study suggests that aOCS is feasible for Vorderwald cattle. Strategies for implementation are identified. Finally, we conclude that historical breeding decisions could have been avoided by using aOCS. The genetic gain would have been reduced by at least 12.2%, but the introgressed genetic material, genetic diversity and native genetic diversity would have been more desirable for a breed under conservation.