Continuous nondestructive monitoring of microbial biofilms: A review of analytical techniques |
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Authors: | D E Nivens R J Palmer Jr D C White |
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Institution: | (1) Microbial Insights Inc, 201 Center Park Dr. Suite 1140, 37922-2105 Knoxville, TN, USA;(2) Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA;(3) Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA;(4) Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA |
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Abstract: | A fundamental requirement for the understanding and control of biofilms is the continuous nondestructive monitoring of biofilm processes. This paper reviews research analytical techniques that monitor biofilm processes in a continuous nondestructive manner and that could also be modified for industrial applications. To be considered continuous and nondestructive for the purpose of this review a technique must: (a) function in an aqueous system; (b) not require sample removal; (c) minimize signal from organisms or contaminants in the bulk phase; and (d) provide real-time data. Various microscopic, spectrochemical, electrochemical, and piezoelectrical analysis methods fulfill these criteria. These techniques monitor the formation of biofilms, the physiology of the microorganisms within biofilms, and/or the interaction of the biofilms with their environment. It is hoped that this review will stimulate development and use of biofilm monitoring techniques in industrial and environmental settings. |
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Keywords: | biofilm on-line monitoring nondestructive monitoring microscopy Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry bioluminescence microelectrode quartz crystal microbalance |
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