Fluid electrolyte changes in trained subjects after water loading and during restriction of muscular activity and chronic hyperhydration

The objective of this investigation was to determine fluid electrolyte changes after water-loading tests and during hypokinesia (decreased number of km taken per day) and daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation (FSS). The studies during hypokinesia (HK) were performed for 364 d on 30 endurance-trained male volunteers in the age range of 23–26 yr, with an average peak oxygen uptake, POU, of 64 mL/kg/min. All volunteers were divided into three equal groups: 10 volunteers were placed on a continuous regime of exercise of 14.4 km/d and served as control subjects (CS); 10 volunteers were submitted to continuous HK without FSS and were considered as the unsupplemented hypokinetic subjects (UHS); and 10 volunteers were under continuous HK and FSS and were considered as the supplemented hypokinetic subjects (SHS). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the UHS and SHS groups were kept continuously under an average of 2.7 km/d for the duration of the study. Prior to exposure to HK, the two groups of volunteers were on the same exercise regime as the control group. During a 60-d preexperimental period and during the remainder of the study, water-loading tests with a water load of 20 mL/kg body wt/min were performed, and urinary and plasma electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) were measured. In the SHS group, urinary excretion of electrolytes and plasma electrolyte content decreased, while in the UHS these values increased after water loading tests and during HK. Based on the obtained data, it is concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used to prevent or minimize urinary and plasma electrolyte changes in endurance-trained volunteers after water-loading tests and during prolonged restriction of muscular activity.