19F NMR metabolomics for the elucidation of microbial degradation pathways of fluorophenols

Of all NMR-observable isotopes ¹⁹F is the one most convenient for studies on the biodegradation of environmental pollutants and especially for fast initial metabolic screening of newly isolated organisms. In the past decade we have identified the ¹⁹F NMR characteristics of many fluorinated intermediates in the microbial degradation of fluoroaromatics including especially fluorophenols. In the present paper we give an overview of results obtained for the initial steps in the aerobic microbial degradation of fluorophenols, i.e. the aromatic hydroxylation to di-, tri- or even tetrahydroxybenzenes ultimately suitable as substrates for the second step, ring cleavage by dioxygenases. In addition we present new results from studies on the identification of metabolites resulting from reaction steps following aromatic ring cleavage, i.e. resulting from the conversion of fluoromuconates by chloromuconate cycloisomerase. Together the presented data illustrate the potential of the ¹⁹F NMR technique for (1) fast initial screening of biodegradative pathways, i.e. for studies on metabolomics in newly isolated microorganisms, and (2) identification of relatively unstable pathway intermediates like fluoromuconolactones and fluoromaleylacetates. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 22–34. Received 20 April 2000/ Accepted in revised form 22 May 2000