美国野地-城市交界域火灾管理概述及对我国的启示

随着全球人口增长,世界范围内野地-城市交界域(WUI)正在加速扩张。美国的WUI面积大、分布广、聚集人口多,由于交界域直接与森林植被相贯通,极易受到林火影响,区域范围内人类生命财产安全面临巨大威胁。经过长期的火灾管理实践,美国形成了一套较为完善的WUI林火预防、扑救管理体系。本文从美国WUI的形成方式、火灾发生情况、预防扑救措施等几方面系统总结了美国WUI火灾的管理体系。此外,本文分析了我国WUI火灾管理的现状及存在问题,并基于美国经验提出了完善我国WUI火灾管理的六点建议:(1)制定交界域消防管理计划;(2)合理利用计划火烧;(3)研发火灾预警系统;(4)增强社区防火能力;(5)提高消防员灭火水平;(6)完善火灾扑救策略。

Overview of fire management in the Wildland-Urban Interface of the United States and its enlightenment to China

With the growth of global population,the expansions of Wildland-Urban Interfaces(WUIs) are accelerating worldwide. In the United States,WUIs are widely distributed with large population. They are highly vulnerable to wildfire due to its direct connection with the forests. The human life and property in the WUIs is facing a great threat. With a long history of management practice,the United States has formed a relatively complete management system on wildfire prevention and suppression in WUIs. We summarized the management system of wildfire in WUIs of the United States from the aspects of formation of WUIs,wildfire situation,and the measures of wildfire prevention and suppression. In addition,current situation and problems of wildfire management in WUIs of China were analyzed. Based on the experience from the United States,we proposed suggestions for improving the fire management of WUIs in China:(1) developing fire management plan for the WUIs;(2) rationally utilizing the prescribed burning;(3) developing early fire warning system;(4) improving the capability of wildfire prevention in WUI community;(5) improving the fire fighting level of firefighters;(6) promoting fire fighting strategy in WUIs.