Discovery of a CI-inducing Wolbachia and its associated fitness costs in the biological control agent Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium that infects a large percentage of arthropods and can affect the fitness of its host. Here we verified for the first time that the biological control agent Aphytis melinus DeBach is infected with a Wolbachia that causes complete cytoplasmic incompatibility, and conducted an insectary and field survey to determine the infection frequency. A. melinus appears to suffer fitness costs associated with infection based on measurements of longevity and fecundity. We also quantified the Wolbachia titers of A. melinus reared at different temperatures and found that, although not completely cured, increased temperature resulted in a significant reduction in the number of Wolbachia copies found in an individual wasp. Implications of our results for biological control are discussed.