An evolutionary analysis of psychological pain following rape:: I. The effects of victim's age and marital status |
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| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Física, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Avila e Bolama, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal;2. Centro de Matemática e Aplicações (CMA - UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Avila e Bolama, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal;3. Department of Physics, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran,;4. Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. Evin, Tehran, 19839, Iran;1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Farmacologia e Terapêutica-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;2. Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de CiênciasBásicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação, Investigações Pré-clínicas, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;4. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;6. Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil;1. National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, India;2. Research Scholar, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, India;3. Professor, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, India |
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| Abstract: | The typical approach used to identify and characterize adaptations is discussed briefly, and then it is applied to psychological changes associated with the psychological pain experienced by rape victims. It has been hypothesized that mental pain may reflect psychological adaptation that is designed to detect and cope with the occurence of social problems that reduce an individual's inclusive fitness in human evolutionary history. According to the hypothesis, mental pain is brought about by social tragedies in the lives of individuals and focuses the attention of individuals on the events surrounding the pain, promoting correction of the pain-causing events and their avoidance in the future. The hypothesis applied to rape victims proposes that in human evolutionary history raped females had increased fitness as a result of mental pain, because the pain forced them to focus attention on the fitness-reducing circumstances surrounding rape, which are discussed. Some of the hypothesis' predictions about the psychological pain of rape victims are examined using a data set of 790 rape victims in Philadelphia (USA) who were interviewed about their psychological traumatization within five days after the assault. The analyses indicate that, as predicted, a victim's age and marital status are proximate causes of the magnitude of psychological pain following rape. Reproductive-aged women appear to be more severely traumatized by rape than older women or girls and married women more than unmarried women. The results presented suggest that the psychology that regulates mental pain processes information about age and mateship status in the event of a women's rape. |
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