自然保护区管理的博弈分析

自然保护区作为地球上生态保育的基石，其管理的有效性和可持续性一直是备受关注的热点问题之一。自然保护区管理涉及自然环境和社会经济两大系统，具有复杂性特征。为解析这种复杂性，可以把自然保护区管理看成是博弈问题，将博弈论作为有力工具来解决自然保护区管理中的各种矛盾冲突，协调各种利益关系，以促进自然保护区管理的科学性、有效性和可持续性。一般地，自然保护区可以描述为n人博弈，能够通过Nash均衡和n人合作博弈的Shapley值以及核仁(Nucleolus)等方法求解。作者用博弈论思想分析了自然保护区管理中天然林保护、以电代柴和适度开发等典型案例，总结了自然保护区管理博弈分析的一般步骤。认为必须通过政策、体制和机制创新，促进自然保护区管理中各利益主体的广泛参与和密切合作，才能实现自然保护区管理中公平与效率、高效与持续的统一。

Protected area management based on game theory

Protected areas (PAs) are the cornerstones of ecological conservation globally. Therefore, the effectiveness and sustainability of PA management has always been the focus of concern. PA management, involving physical environmental systems and socioeconomic systems, is full of complexity. In order to probe into this complexity, PA management can be considered as a game. Accordingly, game theory can be used as a powerful tool in resolving conflicts and harmonizing the relationships among various interest groups to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of PA management. Generally, PA management can be represented as n-person cooperative games with several resolution methods including Nash equilibrium, Shapley value and Nucleolus. Typical cases in PA management in China, namely natural forest protection, the switching from fuelwood to electricity, and moderate development (such as ecotourism) are analyzed under game theoretic framework. Based on these cases, a general operational framework of PA management based on game theory is established. It is suggested that the integration of fairness, efficiency and sustainability in PA management can only be realized through the innovation of policies, institutions and mechanisms to foster a wide participation and close cooperation of stakeholders.