Interrelation of ethylene glycol,urea and water transport in the red cell |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK;2. The Scottish Photodynamic Therapy Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK;3. Photobiology Unit, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK;4. Public Health England, Didcot, UK;1. Department of Engineering Sciences and Humanities, Indore Institute of Science and Technology, Pithampur Road, Rau, Indore 453331, India;2. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Physics, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore 452017, India;3. Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO), Metcalfe House DRDO DESIDOC Complex, Delhi 110054, India;1. Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow 17, 70-310, Szczecin, Poland;2. Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland;3. National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Swierk, Poland;4. Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland;1. Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran;2. Young Researchers and Elites Club, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;3. Nanomaterials & Nanocoatings Department, Institute for Color Science & Technology (ICST), Tehran 1668814811, Iran |
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| Abstract: | The reflection coefficient, σj, which measures the coupling between the jth solute and water transport across a semipermeable membrane, varies between 0 and 1.0. Values of σj significantly less than 1.0 provide irreversible thermodynamic proof that there is coupling between the transport of solute and solvent and thus that they share a common pathway. We have developed an improved method for measuring σ and have used it to determine that σethylene glycol = 0.71 ± 0.03 and σurea = 0.65 ± 0.03, in agreement with many, but not all, previous determinations. Since both of these values are significantly lower than 1.0, they show that there is a common ethylene glycol/water pathway and a common urea/water pathway. Addition of first one and then two methyl groups to urea increases σ to 0.89 ± 0.04 for methylurea and 0.98 ± 0.4 for 1,3-dimethylurea, consistent with passage through an aqueous pore with a sharp cutoff in the 6–7 Å region. |
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