The role of DMDs in the maintenance of epigenetic states

An important aspect of genome reprogramming is the establishment and maintenance of gamete-specific DNA methylation patterns that distinguish the parental alleles of imprinted genes. Disrupting the accurate transmission of genomic imprints by interfering with these methylation patterns causes severe defects in fetal growth and development. The inheritance of sex-specific DNA methylation patterns from both parents is thus a fundamental molecular definition of genomic imprinting. The other cardinal aspect is the regulation of imprinted gene expression over a long genomic distance, spanning a few clustered imprinted genes. There is converging experimental evidence that differentially methylated domains (DMDs), located in non-coding regions of imprinted genes, are involved in both processes. As such, DMDs are the imprinting backbone upon which the fundamental processes of sex-specific methylation and imprinted gene expression are built.