Experimental reversal of the normal dorsal-ventral timing of blastopore formation does not reverse axis polarity in Xenopus laevis embryos

During gastrulation in Xenopus laevis, the dorsal lip of the blastopore normally appears before the ventral lip. Metabolic gradient models propose that the dorsal lip develops from the region of highest metabolic activity and somehow dominates other regions to prevent them from becoming dorsal. To test these ideas, I applied a temperature gradient of 12 degrees C across the embryo. Localized heating of the prospective ventral vegetal region from early in the first cleavage period until gastrulation causes the blastopore lip to form first by 2 hr at the prospective ventral meridian rather than at the prospective dorsal meridian. Despite this reversal of the timing of blastopore formation, gastrulation is completed, and the neural plate forms at its usual position on the prospective dorsal meridian. This demonstrates that the earliest gastrulating regions of the blastopore do not necessarily become dorsal, nor do they inhibit dorsal development by other regions. It is unlikely that axis polarity is based on regional differences in energy metabolism.