Shallow water ray-finned marine fishes follow Bergmann’s rule |
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| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain;2. PIBi Lab – Pesquisas Integrativas em Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, 49100-000 Sergipe, Brazil;1. Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, PR China;2. Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, PR China;1. School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK;2. Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA;3. Departments of Geography and GIS, Mechanical Science and Engineering and Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA;4. School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RD, UK;5. Ministry of Mines and Energy, 79-89 Pasteur Street, Sangkat Phsar Thmey, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;6. Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK;7. Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK;8. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK;9. Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK;1. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland;2. Southern Insect Management Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;3. Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland;1. Petroleum&Marine Resources Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, South Korea;2. Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea;1. Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;2. Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1567, USA;3. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China |
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| Abstract: | Understanding the interspecific variation in body size across macroclimatic gradients has been of paramount importance to naturalists and biogeographers. Bergmann’s rule, which describes a trend of increasing body size polewards, is arguably the best-known ecogeographical rule in terrestrial environments but remains largely unexplored in the marine realm. In this study we tested Bergmann's rule in marine ray-finned fishes (Pisces, Actinopterygii), analyzing the relationship between body size and latitude in 5662 species. To examine possible underlying mechanisms, we adopted a cross-species approach to evaluate the association of body size with four predictors: Sea Surface Temperature, Net Primary Productivity, Salinity, and Human impact. We analyzed the relationships between body size and environmental and anthropogenic variables building mixed linear models, which considered the taxonomic structure in the data. We conducted complementary analyses dividing the data into five latitudinal bands. Actinopterygii showed a clear Bergmannian pattern, with the largest species observed in temperate regions, being the first global analysis on ray-finned fishes showing a pattern consistent with Bergmann’s rule. Sea Surface Temperature and Net Primary Productivity were the best predictors, in accordance with the time to sexual maturity and resource availability hypotheses. Our analyses based on latitudinal bands showed a differential response of body size to the environment, with temperature, salinity and human impact more strongly associated with size variation at cold environments. These results agree with previous studies on Bergmann’s rule for terrestrial ectothermic, freshwater and marine fishes. Our findings suggest that temperature rise in the ocean and growing human impact may have effects on the distribution of body size, thus altering ecosystem functioning. Fundamental differences often assumed to exist between marine and terrestrial systems are not so evidently reflected in the emergence of large-scale body size gradients. |
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| Keywords: | Biogeography Body size Ecogeographical rule Human impact Macroecology Temperature |
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