Effect of carbohydrate source on alfalfa somatic embryogenesis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China;2. Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA;3. Institute of Hepatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China;4. Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA;1. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran;2. School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Building Y, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;3. College of Agriculture, California Polytechnic State University, Pomona, 3081 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91,768, USA;1. Laboratory of Flora, Botanical Garden-Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Makovskogo 142, Vladivostok, 690024, Russia;2. Laboratory of Biosystematics and Cytology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia;3. Vegetation Ecology Laboratory, Botanical Garden-Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Makovskogo 142, Vladivostok, 690024, Russia |
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| Abstract: | Cultures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. clone RA-3) were screened for their response to a wide variety of carbohydrate sources in the presence or absence of sucrose. Maltose, maltotriose, and soluble starch all act to improve the morphology and eventual conversion to plantlets of somatic embryos. Glucose, sucrose, and other carbohydrates do not have a similar effect. Additional studies were carried out with maltose since this carbohydrate also gives the highest embryo yield. The concentration optimum for maltose is about 4% (w/v). Maltose acts independently of sucrose and in a way which suggests that it serves as a nutritional, rather than as an osmotic, effector of embryogenesis. The effect of maltose on embryogenesis is dependent on the presence of NH4+ whose optimum is approximately 15 mM. Embryogenesis on maltose will not occur in the absence of NH4+. A highly effective regeneration medium can be achieved by including NH4+ and amino acids, especially proline, in a maltose-containing regeneration medium. Maltose is also useful in increasing embryo formation in genotypes which show low regeneration. |
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