l-Glutamate production by protoplasts immobilized in carrageenan gel

Protoplastization of Brevibacterium flavum cultured in a medium containing 50 μg l^?1 and 5 units penicillin per ml was performed by lysozyme treatment. The protoplasts were immobilized in various polymer matrices, such as agar, polyacrylamide, calcium alginate, and κ-carrageenan and then used for l-glutamate production from glucose and urea in a batch system. The protoplasts immobilized in κ-carrageenan gels showed the highest productivity of l-glutamate being twice that of immobilized whole cells under optimum conditions. The maximum productivity reached 2.3 mg ml^?1 initially. The immobilized B. flavum protoplasts could be used 8 times (192 h) for l-glutamate production retaining about 22% of the initial productivity during the last reaction.