河南项城贾庄和后高老家遗址炭化植物遗存揭示的仰韶时期的原始农业

豫东地区是史前中原文化系统、海岱文化系统等的中介地带,由于这里地处黄泛区且人口密集,史前遗址或被掩埋在地下数米深处,或位于岗地、堌堆之上,后期破坏严重,目前缺乏相关植物考古资料,对史前农业发展的认识并不清晰。本研究对河南项城市贾庄和后高老家遗址开展浮选,获取了仰韶时代中期的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括粟、黍、水稻三种农作物和狗尾草属、马唐属、稗属、黍亚科等野生植物,可食用野生植物的核壳来自菱属、芡实、柿属、栎属、桃属等。农作物及典型田间伴生杂草遗存的量化结果显示,两处遗址仰韶时代中期的农作物结构以粟、黍为主,水稻的比重很低,具备黄淮地区稻粟兼作农业的地域性和时代特征。多种可食用野生植物遗存显示了植物性食物资源的多样性。各类植物遗存的绝对数量和出土概率表明,农业在生业经济中占据主体地位,采集野生植物仍然是先民获取植物性食物资源的重要方式。贾庄和后高老家遗址炭化植物遗存分析结果为了解豫东地区仰韶时代原始农业发展状况提供了重要资料,对探索中华文明早期阶段的农业发展状况及其与文明演进的关系有重要意义。

Primitive agriculture in the Yangshao period revealed by charred plant remains from the Jiazhuang and Hougaolaojia sites in Xiangcheng,Henan province

Eastern Henan area is a core area for prehistoric cultural exchange and integration between the Central Plains and Shandong Peninsula throughout the Neolithic. Due to the lack of archaeobotanical data, it is still not clear for the development progress of prehistoric agricultural in Eastern Henan area. Flotation analysis was conducted on soil samples collected from Jiazhuang and Hougaolaojia site belong to mid-Yangshao era in Xiangcheng city, Henan province. Lots of charred plant remains were recovered. Qualitative analysis indicated that agricultural crops included foxtail millet, broomcorn millet and rice, wild grass seeds included Setaria, Digitaria, Echinochloa, Panicum, Panicoideae, Eleusine indica, Poaceae, Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae, Portulaca, Galium, Cyperaceae, and edible wild plant included Glycine, Trapa, Euryale ferox, Diospyros, Quercus, Amygdalus. Proportions and ubiquity of charred plant remains from two sites revealed that both agriculture and collection were important for plant food utilization in mid-Yangshao era in eastern Henan area, while agriculture had established a dominant position in subsistence. The most prominent feature of agriculture was mixed farming of rice and millets, and common millet was the main crop. This paper provides important data on agriculture development in eastern Henan area during the Yangshao era, and provides some clues for the spread of mixed farming in eastern central China.