Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Insights from human disease and experimental models of helminthiasis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Immunology and Parasite Genomics, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;2. Gastrointestinal Research Group, Inflammation Research Network and Host-Parasite Interactions Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;3. Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;1. Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran;2. Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Cellular and molecular, School of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Falavarjan, Iran;4. Biotechnology department of Fasa University of medical science, Fasa, Iran;5. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran;6. Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran;7. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;8. Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Iran;9. Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75169, Iran;10. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;1. Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy;2. Oncology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio, Bergamo, Italy;3. Department of Radiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;4. Harvard Premedical Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA;5. Medical Oncology, Hospital of Nuoro, ASSL Nuoro, Nuoro, Italy;6. Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy;1. Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran;2. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Fars, Iran;4. Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;5. Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;6. Kurdistan Immunology & Hematology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran;7. Stem Cell Research Center and Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;8. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran;9. Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran;10. Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;11. Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;12. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;1. Nutritional Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China;2. Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China;3. Clinical Assessment Center of Functional Food, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China;4. Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China;5. Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China;1. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;2. Blood and Vascular Biology Research Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India;3. Dermatology Institute, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health Systems, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar;4. Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE |
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| Abstract: | Infection with helminth parasites affects more than 1.5 billion people and is concentrated in global areas of extreme poverty, having a significant impact on public health, social life and the economy. Upon entry into the host, helminth parasites often migrate through specific tissues triggering host immunity. The immune response triggered by helminth infections is complex and depends on parasite load, site of infection, acuteness/chronicity of the infection and is species-dependent. In general, susceptibility or resistance to the infection involves the participation of the innate immune response and then the balance between several effector CD4+ T cells subsets, such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Tfh and Treg, coordinated by immune mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. Chemokines guide the recruitment and activation of leukocytes under inflammatory and homeostatic states. The chemokine system has been associated with several diseases and experimental models with a significant inflammatory component, including infection with helminth parasites. Therefore, this critical review will highlight the main findings concerning chemokine responses elicited by the interaction between helminth parasites and the hosts’ immune system, hence contributing to the understanding of the relevance of chemokine synthesis and biology in the immunological response to infection by parasitic helminths. |
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| Keywords: | Helminth infection Chemokine Chemokine receptor Innate immune response Adaptive immune response |
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